Basic Photography Course

When you are copying a color print to a color

negative, the best film to use is Kodak Internegative
film. Because of the inherent high contrast of
photographic papers, if not controlled, contrast is gained
in each generation of a reproduction. Kodak
Internegative film is designed to give greater contrast
separation in the highlights without raising the overall
subject contrast in the negative. To achieve proper color
balance in the shadows, midtones, and highlights, you
must perform tests to assure that proper exposure and
color filtration is obtained. The Photo-Lab Index
contains the procedures necessary to accomplish this
testing.

Combined Black-and-White Line and
Continuous-Tone Originals

When a black-and-white original contains both line

and continuous-tone matter, the ideal copy method is to
copy each type of matter with an appropriate film
separately and then sandwich the two negatives
together, or print the two negatives separately on the
same piece of paper. The colored lines should be copied
with an extremely high contrast film, such as Kodalith
Pan, and the pastel-colored portions of the original
should be copied with a moderate contrast film.

When copying the original with only one type of

film, you loose quality in either the lines or the

continuous tones. For best results, you should copy the
combined line and continuous-tone original with a

moderate contrast film, such as Kodak Professional
Copy film or Kodak Commercial film.

Black-and-White Halftone Originals

A black-and-white halftone original consists of a

pattern of black dots of various sizes that represent tones
of gray. Examples of halftone originals are printed
pictures in newspapers or magazines. Small dots with

ample white space between them produce an illusion of
a light tone or highlight. Large dots that are close
together produce the illusion of dark tones or shadow
areas. Because the dots are all the same tone (black),
halftone originals can be copied as line originals. This
type of original can also be copied as a continuous-tone
original, depending on the use of the final product.

Reflection Originals Specifically
Produced for Copying

When an original is to be used specifically for

copying, you can take certain measures to ensure better
reproduction results.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS.

Black-and-white

and color prints produced for copying should have
normal density, color saturation, and a glossy surface.

When a non-glossy surface is used, the texture of the

surface may be apparent in the copy negative and

reproductions.

TYPEWRITTEN MATERIAL.

Typewritten

material that is to be copied should be typed with a new
typewriter ribbon. A carbon "one time" ribbon is best.

To further increase contrast between the type and the
paper background, you can place a sheet of carbon paper
behind the typing paper. This causes the carbon to be
transferred onto the back of the paper during typing.

When using a typewriter to produce copy that will

be photographed for making 35mm slides, limit your
typing to no more than 8 double-spaced lines with
43 elite or 36 pica characters to a line. When
photographing typed copy, use a template as a guide for
setting up your camera Allow about 1/8 inch of space
outside the template lines in the camera viewfinder.

Originals with Defects

Occasionally, the only record of an event is the

original document that through age or use is no longer
in its original condition. By use of appropriate corrective

measures, certain defects in originals can be eliminated

or minimized in the reproduction.

WRINKLED OR CREASED ORIGINALS.

Reflection originals that are wrinkled or creased can be
flattened by placing the original on a mounting board
and then in a heated dry-mounting press. Mounting in
this manner is permanent and should be considered
carefully before being used.

Another method you can use to flatten an old

photograph is to wet the photograph with water and
squeegee it onto a sheet of glass with the emulsion
toward the glass. The photograph must be removed from
the glass before it dries; otherwise, it may stick to the
glass.

STAINED BLACK-AND-WHITE ORIGINALS.

Usually, transparent stains on black-and-white originals
can be eliminated in the reproduction by using
panchromatic film and a filter that is the same color as
the stain. Details on eliminating images of stains with
filters is discussed in chapter 3.

FADED BLACK-AND-WHITE PHOTO-

GRAPHS AND MANUSCRIPTS.

Normally, black-

and-white photographs and other types of original
documents that have faded and are yellowed should be

8-12

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Basic Photography Course

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DOFMaster for Windows On-line Depth of Field Calculator DOFMaster for Mobile Devices On-line Depth of Field Table Hyperfocal Distance Chart Articles FAQ Recommended Books Support Contact Links Home As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.	contents <- previous page next page -> When you are copying a color print to a color negative, the best film to use is Kodak Internegative film. Because of the inherent high contrast of photographic papers, if not controlled, contrast is gained in each generation of a reproduction. Kodak Internegative film is designed to give greater contrast separation in the highlights without raising the overall subject contrast in the negative. To achieve proper color balance in the shadows, midtones, and highlights, you must perform tests to assure that proper exposure and color filtration is obtained. The Photo-Lab Index contains the procedures necessary to accomplish this testing. Combined Black-and-White Line and Continuous-Tone Originals When a black-and-white original contains both line and continuous-tone matter, the ideal copy method is to copy each type of matter with an appropriate film separately and then sandwich the two negatives together, or print the two negatives separately on the same piece of paper. The colored lines should be copied with an extremely high contrast film, such as Kodalith Pan, and the pastel-colored portions of the original should be copied with a moderate contrast film. When copying the original with only one type of film, you loose quality in either the lines or the continuous tones. For best results, you should copy the combined line and continuous-tone original with a moderate contrast film, such as Kodak Professional Copy film or Kodak Commercial film. Black-and-White Halftone Originals A black-and-white halftone original consists of a pattern of black dots of various sizes that represent tones of gray. Examples of halftone originals are printed pictures in newspapers or magazines. Small dots with ample white space between them produce an illusion of a light tone or highlight. Large dots that are close together produce the illusion of dark tones or shadow areas. Because the dots are all the same tone (black), halftone originals can be copied as line originals. This type of original can also be copied as a continuous-tone original, depending on the use of the final product. Reflection Originals Specifically Produced for Copying When an original is to be used specifically for copying, you can take certain measures to ensure better reproduction results. PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS. Black-and-white and color prints produced for copying should have normal density, color saturation, and a glossy surface. When a non-glossy surface is used, the texture of the surface may be apparent in the copy negative and reproductions. TYPEWRITTEN MATERIAL. Typewritten material that is to be copied should be typed with a new typewriter ribbon. A carbon "one time" ribbon is best. To further increase contrast between the type and the paper background, you can place a sheet of carbon paper behind the typing paper. This causes the carbon to be transferred onto the back of the paper during typing. When using a typewriter to produce copy that will be photographed for making 35mm slides, limit your typing to no more than 8 double-spaced lines with 43 elite or 36 pica characters to a line. When photographing typed copy, use a template as a guide for setting up your camera Allow about 1/8 inch of space outside the template lines in the camera viewfinder. Originals with Defects Occasionally, the only record of an event is the original document that through age or use is no longer in its original condition. By use of appropriate corrective measures, certain defects in originals can be eliminated or minimized in the reproduction. WRINKLED OR CREASED ORIGINALS. Reflection originals that are wrinkled or creased can be flattened by placing the original on a mounting board and then in a heated dry-mounting press. Mounting in this manner is permanent and should be considered carefully before being used. Another method you can use to flatten an old photograph is to wet the photograph with water and squeegee it onto a sheet of glass with the emulsion toward the glass. The photograph must be removed from the glass before it dries; otherwise, it may stick to the glass. STAINED BLACK-AND-WHITE ORIGINALS. Usually, transparent stains on black-and-white originals can be eliminated in the reproduction by using panchromatic film and a filter that is the same color as the stain. Details on eliminating images of stains with filters is discussed in chapter 3. FADED BLACK-AND-WHITE PHOTO- GRAPHS AND MANUSCRIPTS. Normally, black- and-white photographs and other types of original documents that have faded and are yellowed should be 8-12 contents Basic Photography Course <- previous page next page ->	As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
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