Basic Photography Course

The chemistry most commonly used in the Navy for

color paper processing is Kodak Ektacolor RA
Chemicals for Process RA-4. The RA-4 process is a
washless process that consists of color developer,

bleach/fix, and stabilizer. The total processing time for
the RA-4 process is about 4 1/2 minutes.

Transparencies that are old or stored under adverse

conditions are likely to fade to some degree. This fading
may not have been equal overall. That can create
problems in printing. Generally, slide duplicates vary
widely in quality and do not make high-quality color
prints.

MAKING TRANSPARENCIES FROM

COLOR NEGATIVES

You can make brilliant color transparencies from

color negatives as easily as you made color reflection
prints by using color printing materials on a transparent
film base. These transparencies are of excellent quality.
This allows you the option of making them larger,
smaller, or the same size as the original negative.

There are several direct positive materials available

for making color prints directly from color slides. Kodak
Ektachrome 22 paper is a reversal color paper that, when
exposed to a slide, produces a positive color image of
the slide. Kodak Ektachrome 22 paper is processed in

Kodak Ektachrome R-3000 chemicals. Consult the

Photo-Lab-Index for the most updated information
concerning these processes.

Several materials are available for making color

transparencies from color negatives. Two of the most
common are Kodak Duratran RA and Kodak Duraclear
RA display materials. These materials allow you to
make large-display transparencies from color negatives.

Another way to make full-color prints directly from

color transparencies is by the dye destruction color
process. At the time this training manual was written,
Cibachrome products are the only direct positive color
materials manufactured using this process.

The Kodak Duratran RA and the Duraclear RA

transparency materials can be printed using the same

methods, printing equipment, and processing chemicals
as Duraflex RA print paper. Both the transparencies and
paper are processed using Kodak Ektacolor RA-4
chemicals; however, the transparency materials require

a longer processing time. The Kreonite Model KCP-16
allows for this longer processing time. By flipping a
switch, you can slow down the processor, allowing for
a longer processing time.

12-14

Cibachrome silver-dye-bleach materials consist of

a white opaque support, coated with light-sensitive
emulsion layers on one side and a matte, anticurl gelatin
on the opposite side. This white pigmented plastic film
base has a similar appearance to paper but is actually a
film, much like color slide materials-the emulsion
layers are arranged in the same order as color
transparency (slide) materials (including the yellow
filter layer).

When printing color transparency materials, you

must use a black easel. Because these materials do not
have a paper backing, light is transmitted through the
material and reflects back when a black easel is not used.
All other printing steps are the same in printing color
paper and color transparency materials. Consult the
Photo-Lab-Index for starting exposure and filter pack
settings.

Unlike conventional color paper processes where

dyes are formed from color couplers during processing,
dyes in Cibachrome materials are incorporated in the
blue, green, and red light-sensitive layers during
manufacturing. These cyan, magenta, and yellow dyes

are designed to be destroyed when processed. Red

exposure is intended to cause the destruction of cyan
dyes, green exposure leads to the destruction of magenta
dyes, and blue exposure sets up the destruction of yellow
dyes.

COLOR PRINTS FROM COLOR

TRANSPARENCIES

Color prints can be made directly from color

transparencies (slides) without the time and expense of
making an internegative, but the quality of a print can
only be as good as the quality of the transparency from
which the print is made. Originals that are poorly
exposed or processed or are damaged or dusty do not
provide satisfactory prints.

The processing of Cibachrome materials involves

four chemical steps:

black-and-white developer,

bleach, fixer, and stabilizer. In the black-and-white
developer, the exposed silver halide crystals are reduced
to metallic silver. When the silver halides in the
emulsion layers are converted to metallic silver, the dyes
present in the emulsions are fragmented. In the bleach,
the silver image is converted back to silver salts
(halides), and the dye fragments are made either
colorless or water soluble. The unwanted silver salts
(halides) are then removed in the fixer. The stabilizer
keeps the remaining color dyes more permanent.

contents

Basic Photography Course

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DOFMaster for Windows On-line Depth of Field Calculator DOFMaster for Mobile Devices On-line Depth of Field Table Hyperfocal Distance Chart Articles FAQ Recommended Books Support Contact Links Home As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.	contents <- previous page next page -> The chemistry most commonly used in the Navy for color paper processing is Kodak Ektacolor RA Chemicals for Process RA-4. The RA-4 process is a washless process that consists of color developer, bleach/fix, and stabilizer. The total processing time for the RA-4 process is about 4 1/2 minutes. Transparencies that are old or stored under adverse conditions are likely to fade to some degree. This fading may not have been equal overall. That can create problems in printing. Generally, slide duplicates vary widely in quality and do not make high-quality color prints. MAKING TRANSPARENCIES FROM COLOR NEGATIVES You can make brilliant color transparencies from color negatives as easily as you made color reflection prints by using color printing materials on a transparent film base. These transparencies are of excellent quality. This allows you the option of making them larger, smaller, or the same size as the original negative. There are several direct positive materials available for making color prints directly from color slides. Kodak Ektachrome 22 paper is a reversal color paper that, when exposed to a slide, produces a positive color image of the slide. Kodak Ektachrome 22 paper is processed in Kodak Ektachrome R-3000 chemicals. Consult the Photo-Lab-Index for the most updated information concerning these processes. Several materials are available for making color transparencies from color negatives. Two of the most common are Kodak Duratran RA and Kodak Duraclear RA display materials. These materials allow you to make large-display transparencies from color negatives. Another way to make full-color prints directly from color transparencies is by the dye destruction color process. At the time this training manual was written, Cibachrome products are the only direct positive color materials manufactured using this process. The Kodak Duratran RA and the Duraclear RA transparency materials can be printed using the same methods, printing equipment, and processing chemicals as Duraflex RA print paper. Both the transparencies and paper are processed using Kodak Ektacolor RA-4 chemicals; however, the transparency materials require a longer processing time. The Kreonite Model KCP-16 allows for this longer processing time. By flipping a switch, you can slow down the processor, allowing for a longer processing time. 12-14 Cibachrome silver-dye-bleach materials consist of a white opaque support, coated with light-sensitive emulsion layers on one side and a matte, anticurl gelatin on the opposite side. This white pigmented plastic film base has a similar appearance to paper but is actually a film, much like color slide materials-the emulsion layers are arranged in the same order as color transparency (slide) materials (including the yellow filter layer). When printing color transparency materials, you must use a black easel. Because these materials do not have a paper backing, light is transmitted through the material and reflects back when a black easel is not used. All other printing steps are the same in printing color paper and color transparency materials. Consult the Photo-Lab-Index for starting exposure and filter pack settings. Unlike conventional color paper processes where dyes are formed from color couplers during processing, dyes in Cibachrome materials are incorporated in the blue, green, and red light-sensitive layers during manufacturing. These cyan, magenta, and yellow dyes are designed to be destroyed when processed. Red exposure is intended to cause the destruction of cyan dyes, green exposure leads to the destruction of magenta dyes, and blue exposure sets up the destruction of yellow dyes. COLOR PRINTS FROM COLOR TRANSPARENCIES Color prints can be made directly from color transparencies (slides) without the time and expense of making an internegative, but the quality of a print can only be as good as the quality of the transparency from which the print is made. Originals that are poorly exposed or processed or are damaged or dusty do not provide satisfactory prints. The processing of Cibachrome materials involves four chemical steps: black-and-white developer, bleach, fixer, and stabilizer. In the black-and-white developer, the exposed silver halide crystals are reduced to metallic silver. When the silver halides in the emulsion layers are converted to metallic silver, the dyes present in the emulsions are fragmented. In the bleach, the silver image is converted back to silver salts (halides), and the dye fragments are made either colorless or water soluble. The unwanted silver salts (halides) are then removed in the fixer. The stabilizer keeps the remaining color dyes more permanent. contents Basic Photography Course <- previous page next page ->	As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
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